A Biography of Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost

A Biography of Lieutenant General Sir George Prã ©vost Early Life: Conceived in New Jersey on May 19, 1767, George Prã ©vost was the child of Major General Augustine Prã ©vost and his better half Nanette. A lifelong official in the British Army, the senior Prã ©vost saw administration at the Battle of Quebec during the French Indian War just as effectively guarded Savannah during the American Revolution. After some tutoring in North America, George Prã ©vost ventured out to England and the Continent to get the rest of his training. On May 3, 1779, in spite of being just eleven years of age, he acquired a commission as an ensign in his dads unit, the 60th Regiment of Foot. Three years later, Prà ©vost moved to the 47th Regiment of Foot with the position of lieutenant.  A Rapid Career Ascent: Prã ©vosts rise proceeded in 1784 with a height to skipper in the 25th Regiment of Foot.â These advancements were conceivable as his maternal granddad filled in as a well off investor in Amsterdam and had the option to give assets to the buying of commissions.â On November 18, 1790, Prà ©vost came back to the 60th Regiment with the position of major.â Only twenty-three years of age, he before long observed activity in the Wars of the French Revolution.â Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1794, Prà ©vost made a trip to St. Vincent for administration in the Caribbean.â Defending the island against the French, he was injured twice on January 20, 1796.â Sent back to Britain to recover, Prà ©vost got an advancement to colonel on January 1, 1798.â In this rank just quickly, he earned an arrangement to brigadier general that March followed by a presenting on St. Lucia as lieutenant representative in May.  Caribbean: Showing up on St. Lucia, which had been caught from the French, Prã ©vost earned acclaim from the nearby grower for his insight into their language and fair organization of the island. Becoming sick, he quickly came back to Britain in 1802. Recovering, Prã ©vost was designated to fill in as legislative head of Dominica that fall. The next year, he effectively held the island during an endeavored intrusion by the French and mounted a push to recover St. Lucia which had fallen earlier.â Promoted to significant general on January 1, 1805, Prã ©vost disappeared and returned home. While in Britain, he instructed powers around Portsmouth and was made a baronet for his administrations. Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia: Having set up a reputation as a fruitful executive, Prã ©vost was remunerated with the post of lieutenant legislative head of Nova Scotia on January 15, 1808, and the nearby position of lieutenant general.â Assuming this position, he endeavored to help dealers from New England in going around President Thomas Jeffersons ban on British exchange by setting up free ports in Nova Scotia. In addition, Prà ©vost tried to fortify Nova Scotias protections and corrected the neighborhood volunteer army laws to make a viable power to work with the British Army. In mid 1809, he directed piece of the British arrival powers during Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane and Lieutenant General George Beckwiths intrusion of Martinique.â Returning to Nova Scotia following the effective finish of the battle, he attempted to improve nearby governmental issues however was scrutinized for endeavoring to expand the intensity of the Church of England. Senator in-Chief of British North America: In May 1811, Prã ©vost got requests to take on the situation of Governor of Lower Canada. A brief timeframe later, on July 4, he got an advancement when he was for all time raised to the position of lieutenant general and made president of British powers in North America. This was trailed by an arrangement to the post of Governor-in-Chief of British North America on October 21. As relations among Britain and the United States were progressively stressed, Prã ©vost attempted to guarantee the steadfastness of the Canadians should a contention erupt.â Among his activities was the expanded consideration of Canadians in the Legislative Council.â These endeavors demonstrated successful as the Canadians stayed faithful when the War of 1812 initiated in June 1812.  The War of 1812: Ailing in men and supplies, Prã ©vost to a great extent expected a guarded stance with the objective of holding as quite a bit of Canada as possible.â In an uncommon hostile activity in mid-August, his subordinate in Upper Canada, Major General Isaac Brock, prevailing with regards to catching Detroit.â That equivalent month, following Parliaments annulment of the Orders in Council that had been one of the Americans avocations for war, Prã ©vost endeavored to arrange a neighborhood ceasefire.â This activity was immediately excused by President James Madison and battling proceeded in the fall.â This saw American soldiers turned around at the Battle of Queenston Heights and Brock killed.â Recognizing the significance of the Great Lakes in the contention, London dispatched Commodore Sir James Yeo to coordinate maritime exercises on these assemblages of water.â Though he detailed legitimately to the Admiralty, Yeo showed up with guidelines to organize intently with Prà ©v ost. Working with Yeo, Prã ©vost mounted an assault against the American maritime base at Sacketts Harbor, NY in late May 1813.â Coming shorewards, his soldiers were repelled by Brigadier General Jacob Browns battalion and pulled back to Kingston.â Later that year, Prà ©vosts powers endured an annihilation on Lake Erie, yet prevailing with regards to turning around an American exertion to take Montreal at Chateauguay and Cryslers Farm.â The next year saw British fortunes diminish in the spring and summer as the Americans accomplished triumphs in the west and on the Niagara Peninsula.â With the thrashing of Napoleon in the spring, London started to move veteran soldiers, which had served under the Duke of Wellington, to Canada to reinforce Prà ©vost.  The Plattsburgh Campaign: Having gotten more than 15,000 men to reinforce his powers, Prã ©vost started arranging a battle to attack the United States through the Lake Champlain corridor. This was entangled by the maritime circumstance on the lake which saw Captain George Downie and Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough occupied with a structure race. Control of the lake was basic as it was required for re-supplying Prà ©vosts army.â Though baffled by maritime delays, Prà ©vost started moving south on August 31 with around 11,000 men.â He was restricted by around 3,400 Americans, drove by Brigadier General Alexander Macomb, which accepted a guarded situation behind the Saranac River. Moving gradually, the British were hampered by order issues as Prà ©vost conflicted with Wellingtons veterans over the speed of the development and niggling issues, for example, wearing appropriate regalia.  Arriving at the American position, Prã ©vost stopped over the Saranac.  Scouting west, his men found a portage over the stream that would permit them to assault the left flank of the American line. Wanting to strike on September 10, Prã ©vost tried to make a bluff against Macombs front while attacking his flank. These endeavors were to harmonize with Downie assaulting MacDonough on the lake.â The joined activity was deferred a day when troublesome breezes forestalled the maritime confrontation.â Advancing on September 11, Downie was definitively crushed on the water by MacDonough. Shorewards, Prã ©vost likely examined forward while his flanking power missed the portage and needed to counter-march.â Locating the passage, they went energetically and were having achievement when a review request from Prã ©vost arrived.â Having scholarly of Downies rout, the British officer inferred that any triumph ashore would be meaningless.â Despite grating fights from his subordinates, Prà ©vost started pulling back towards Canada that evening.â Frustrated with Prà ©vosts absence of aspiration and forcefulness, London dispatched Major General Sir George Murray to mitigate him in December.â Arriving in mid 1815, he conveyed his requests to Prà ©vost not long after news had shown up that the war had finished. Later Life and Career: In the wake of disbanding the civilian army and getting a statement of gratitude from the gathering in Quebec, Prã ©vost withdrew Canada on April 3.â Though humiliated by the planning of his alleviation, his underlying clarifications of why the Plattsburgh Campaign fizzled were acknowledged by his superiors.â Shortly from that point, Prã ©vosts activities were seriously reprimanded by the Royal Navys official reports just as by Yeo.â After requesting a court-military to demonstrate his innocence, a consultation was set for January 12, 1816.â With Prã ©vost in sick wellbeing, the court-military was postponed until February 5.â Suffering from dropsy, Prã ©vost kicked the bucket on January 5, precisely a month prior to his hearing.â Though a powerful executive who effectively shielded Canada, his name was never cleared regardless of his wifes endeavors.  Prà ©vosts remains were covered in the St. Mary the Virgin Churchyard in East Barnet.  Sources War of 1812: Sir George PrevostNapoleon Series: Sir George Prevost1812: Sir George Prevost

Organizational Behavior Integrating Individuals

Question: Talk about the Organizational Behavior for Integrating Individuals. Answer: Presentation: The moral problem is the condition which comes when the individual can't comprehend what is recommended for the specific circumstance. Consequently, with this, there comes certain code of morals which are essential to be followed with the contextual investigation so the association can work in an appropriate way. (Portage et al., 2013). The report is tied in with taking care of the business association just as taking a shot at the framework classification in a productive way. In right now, it has been seen that the ICT association is confronting a critical loss of the information because of the cybercrime and hacking that prompts loss of the information by assaulting framework system of the PC. The report is around one such occurrence that occurred at the work environment. I am keeping the name of the association as secret thus we will name it to be ABC association and the character names are likewise not uncovered., A significant issue of the moral issue was the loss of higher measu re of income which was chiefly because of the issue of moral quandary. (Goetsch et the al., 2014). Consequently, to maintain a strategic distance from the issues in future, there are sure alternatives and proposals which we will talk about. The association has been a recently creating business where the workers additionally put in their hard endeavors for introducing the best structures to the customer with the goal that they can bring themselves up in the market. Before those building structures could go to the market, they were taken from the database of the server. (Linehan et al., 2016). The demonstration incorporated the cybercrime which is a demonstration mostly because of the issues identified with classification and hacking. Since, the database was hacked, the plans were additionally taken and gotten the market by the serious organization who was an old organization yet the market of that organization was going down because of the low quality substance. (Ferguson et al., 2016). This was the most concerning issue and moral difficulty with no proof about taking or the plans could be utilized by any of the serious organization which was set before the improvement of ABC association. The investigation of the ICT association is primarily through the business spending plan and the objective market where the structures were for the new clients with the goal that they can get them and get it executed in their home or their workplaces. The Doing Ethics Technique has been applied in such a circumstance, where the examination of the issue is through tending to the accompanying inquiries and talking about the potential arrangements. (Gaudine et al., 2016). The other organization has taken the information through digital hacking, and the plans were additionally taken. This was primarily on the grounds that the server of the organization was improper and there was no encryption passwords set. Consequently, the structures could be taken without any problem. The openness could undoubtedly be conceivable by the programmers who could get the passage into the arrangement of the database to get to the system. This lead to discover the information in an unauthentic way. (Christianson, 2014). There has been get to that driven them towards the changing of the information which was totally classified for the new structuring also. According to the investigation, it is seen that the individuals who are associated with the organization like the inward, just as the outer partners, are influenced. It will straightforwardly influence the organization prominence just as progress. There have been new items for the fascination for the clients to develop the business. Thus, all the plans have been taken, and the organization needed to confront a gigantic misfortune on this. Alongside this, there have been issues with the earlier time of the organization to deal with the requests of the clients or the new customers. There have been various issues which are identified with equivalent to the infringement of the copyright demonstration and the privacy of the organization. (Champoux, 2016). The organization, additionally, can't guarantee that the plans are endeavors placed in by them, as there are no imprints to delineate it. Consequently, the structuring data and the designs are a few sections which are set preceding the time. The data has been duplicated through the PC system of the arrangement of the programmers and the planning of the items. There has been no significant proof that the plans have been taken thus there is nothing that the organization can guarantee. They must know about the happenings and take care for the equivalent in future. The loss of the income just as the structures must be remunerated through the scrambled passwords and confided in workers. To remark on the various alternatives and the gauges of the organization, the spotlight has been primarily on dealing with the system and the framework server so the information isn't lost. For this, there is a requirement for taking care of the structuring by enlisting the plans at the administration with the goal that nobody has the ideal for the taking. (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2016). This will not require a lot of database security just as the plans will be under the administration copyright deface. The best choice is through setting a firewall with the keep an eye on the scrambled passwords so nobody can without much of a stretch access the framework. With this, there is a need to check moral issues so the hacking is overlooked. This is conceivable when the organization is confronting a tremendous misfortune in the market, as the structures were prepared however had been asserted by the serious organization. (Ferguson et al., 2016). It is basic to shield the endeavors put in by the workers by improving the system quality of the database server. Reference Champoux, J. E. (2016).Organizational conduct: Integrating people, gatherings, and associations. Routledge. Christianson, S. A. (2014).The handbook of feeling and memory: Research and hypothesis. Brain science Press. Ferguson, S., Thornley, C., Gibb, F. (2016). Past codes of morals: how library and data experts explore moral predicaments in an unpredictable and dynamic data environment.International Journal of Information Management,36(4), 543-556. Portage, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Moral dynamic: An audit of the observational writing. InCitation works of art from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Gaudine, A. P., Beaton, M. R. (2016). Utilized to conflict with one's qualities: nurture chiefs' records of moral clash with their organizations.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,34(2). Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality administration for hierarchical greatness. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hadjistavropoulos, T., Malloy, D. C., Douaud, P., Smythe, W. E. (2016). Moral direction, useful semantics, and the codes of morals of the Canadian Nurses Association and the Canadian Medical Association.Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive,34(2). Linehan, C., OBrien, E. (2016). From indications to hostile battles: The estimation of feeling in investigating the moral quandaries of human asset professionals.Journal of Business Ethics, 1-15.

Health and Fitness Topics Essays

Health and Fitness Topics EssaysHealth and fitness topics essays provide an excellent way to improve your knowledge of health topics in an area that will help you make informed decisions about how to live. The topics are a useful way to build a comprehensive knowledge base for yourself, with the help of health and fitness essays.Health and fitness topics cover every aspect of being healthy, whether it is mental or physical. Whether you are learning how to adopt a healthy lifestyle, improve your current health, or looking at alternative treatments for diseases, the health and fitness topics to help you learn and understand. An essay can highlight your skills, encourage you to pursue your goals, and serve as a reference point for medical professionals.There are many ways to structure your health and fitness topics essay, which you can use to build a more thorough knowledge base. There are three broad types of topics you can use, each with its own benefits.One of the most important comp onents of any health and fitness topics essay is to include general information about the topic at hand. Be sure to explain the general topic area, and include details about what is covered in the essay.General information includes everything from your general health and lifestyle to what causes illness and what can be done to prevent them. This should be a complete overview of the topic, and it is essential that you give enough information to entice the reader to continue reading.The second type of topic is the discussion of topics that address the full extent of the topic. Your essay may cover the topic to the depth of a chapter, but be sure to go into detail when the topic is particularly difficult to discuss. A review of the subject can provide insight into how to best explore a problem.Finally, you can also write aHealth and Fitness Topics Essay that are a summary, which addresses one of the key aspects of health and fitness. In this case, it is important to focus on one aspect of health and fitness and answer the question: 'What is the best approach to this?'Using Health and Fitness Topics Essays is a great way to educate yourself about the different types of topics, as well as how to approach a topic when tackling a difficult problem. Take the time to plan out your essay, so that you can be sure that your final product meets your needs.

The Truth About Virtue - 1548 Words

Lillian Hazen Desiring the Truth To wish, to long for, to crave, to want; to desire. It seems as though we go through our whole lives wanting what we know will make us feel more whole, more of ourselves; more of who we are. And whether what we want is seen as bad or good, we still have that desire. It’s in our nature. It is simply what we want. And acquiring the object of one’s desire makes one feel whole. It’s true. Socrates said it best; â€Å"all men desire good things† (Plato 77C). What lead him to that conclusion? In his debate with Meno, Socrates and Meno attempted to define virtue. In Meno’s third definition of virtue, he claims that it is â€Å"to desire beautiful things and have the power to secure them† (Plato 77B). Socrates stopped Meno and asked him what he meant by desiring good things; does every man desire what is good? In his attempt to explain his position to Meno, Socrates made a three-premise modus ponens argument that is as follows. The first premise states that either bad can be seen in a good light by the individual committing what others may see as a bad act, or bad can be harmful as described in 78A. With this statement, I agree. The second statement is a little trickier; Harm leads to misery and unhappiness (Plato 78A). And the third premise states that nobody wants to be miserable or unhappy; the opposite of desiring good things (Plato 78A). While I agree with Socrates’ claim that all men desire good things, I disagree with the second premise of saidShow MoreRelatedPlato s Meno And Nietzsche On Truth And Lie1720 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s Meno and in Friedrich Nietzsche’s On Truth And Lie In An Extra-Moral Sense, both writers touch upon the theme of â€Å"truth† and â€Å"knowledge†. In Meno, Plato writes of a dialogue between his late mentor, Socrates and politician Meno. In the Meno dialogue, through a dialectical method, Socrates’s manages to prove to Meno h e knows nothing of virtue while On Truth And Lie In An Extra-Moral Sense, Nietzsche analyzes how language isn’t â€Å"truth† and Knowledge is an invention as a means of survivalRead MoreComparison of Plato, Aquinas, Aristotle and Augustine1464 Words   |  6 PagesPlato Truth and Reality- And isnt it a bad thing to be deceived about the truth, and a good thing to know what the truth is? For I assume that by knowing the truth you mean knowing things as they really are. Truthfulness. He will never willingly tolerate an untruth, but will hate it as much as he loves truth... And is there anything more closely connected with wisdom than truth? (Plato, 380BC) Reason Reason is knowledge of things like mathematics but which require that some postulatesRead MoreWhat Is Philosophy According to Socrates Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is philosophy according to Socrates? 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(Plato, 380BC) Reason Reason is knowledge of things like mathematics but which require that some postulatesRead MorePhil 201 Study Guide Lesson 10 Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesthe study of epistemology and then presents an approach to epistemology that focuses on obtaining the intellectual virtues, a point we will elaborate on in the next lesson. Tasks View and take notes of the presentation, â€Å"What is Knowledge?† * Describe the 3 different ways we use the term know. ACQUAINTANCE, A SKILL, TRUTH CLAIMS (PROPOSITION KNOWLEDGE- MAKES A CLAIM ABOUT REALITY) * Explain the traditional definition of knowledge from Plato. JUSTIFIED TRUE BELIEF---2 options- believeRead MoreNicomachean Ethics1035 Words   |  5 PagesTopic 1: In Book II of the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle defines virtue as â€Å"the mean relative to us.† In separate paragraphs, please describe briefly the basic notion of virtue as a mean, and then explain why he believes that such a mean is relative to us. Provide quotations/examples to support your claims. Include a final paragraph in which you explain your views on this issue of relativity. Be sure to take into consideration the counter-arguments we discussed in class. The mean is relativeRead MorePlato vs. Aristotle: Virtue1656 Words   |  7 Pagesdiffering views on virtue extensively throughout many of their works. Although they agree that virtue is a desirable characteristic that will lead to happiness, the ultimate good, there exists between the two philosophies salient differences. While Plato believes only philosophers are capable of true, inherent virtue, Aristotle believes all men can be virtuous with practice and dedication. GREAT. WAY TO GET TO THE POINT. BE SURE TO MENTION WHETHER OR NOT YOURE ARGUING THAT VIRTUE IS INTRINSICALLYRead MoreDifference Between Socrates And Protagoras927 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"sophist† and â€Å"philosopher† can be used interchangeably, the two professions were, in fact, quite unlike. For one, sophists were often perceived as masters of the art of deception and manipulation. True charlatans of the time, sophists held false beliefs about the world around them, yet they were not hesitant to share their â€Å"knowledge† with others-especially when a hefty sum of money was promised in return. Though their teachings were rarely based on solid evidence, sophists, like Protagoras, gained a ratherRead MoreEssay about Meno and the Socratic Method1413 Words   |  6 Pagesaround a central question: If virtue can be taught, then how? And if not, then how does virtue come to man, either by nature or some other way? Socrates addresses this inquiry by questioning a person who claims to understand the term’s meaning (Platos Meno). The purpose of this essay is to relate the Socratic method performed by Socrates in Plato’s dialogue The Apology, to Meno, by illustrating its effect on the character Meno himself. After questioning Meno about virtue, Socrates comes to the conclusionRead MorePlato s The Apology Of Socrates874 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieved what makes a man worthy of life is that he lives up to what is best in him as a man. Therefore this quote can be better translated as, â€Å"the unexamined life is not a worthy life for a man to live†. Socrates believes a good or worthy man has virtue. Virtue is behavior showing high moral standards such as honor and nobility. An unexamined life is one that does not examine oneself for these characteristics but claims to have wisdom. This unexamined life can be also compared to living your life on

Slavery and The Tropicalia Movement in Brazil - 1025 Words

Starting in 1538, nearly four million Africans were taken from Ghana, Nigeria, Angola, Congo and Mozambique to be forced into slavery in Brazil’s sugar plantations and mining industries. The slave trade was eradicated in 1850, and by 1871 the Brazilian legislature passed the Law of the Free Womb. This law was designed to grant freedom to slave’s newborn children and served as a precursor to the abolition of slavery in 1888. They made home for themselves in Brazil, as it had the largest amount of African diaspora. Former slaves and their descendants established an Afro Brazilian culture and the cultural traditions, notably musical, brought along with them inevitably mingled with those of Brazil. They brought new rhythmic complexities and melodic patterns with them, and were recognized for using music as way of bringing people together through communal participation. Their musical traditions have maintained very well preserved and were legitimate contributions to Brazilâ €™s culture. Afro Brazilian influences became fundamental components for a new generation of musicians in Brazil, and pride in their African roots flourished for the first time. On a typical evening in Brazil, an overabundance of vibrant rhythms and people on every corner are embellished in eccentric fashion filled the streets. Percussion beats, bells, trumpets, whistles and other instruments sound through the streets as people dance or play along. Music is a defining factor of identity in Brazilian culture.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay Order and Disorder

Order and Disorder in A Midsummer Nights Dream Order and disorder is a favorite theme of Shakespeare. In A Midsummer Nights Dream the apparently anarchic tendencies of the young lovers, of the mechanicals-as-actors, and of Puck are restrained by the sharp Athenian law and the law of the Palace Wood, by Theseus and Oberon, and their respective consorts. This tension within the world of the play is matched in its construction: in performance it can at times seem riotous and out of control, and yet the structure of the play shows a clear interest in symmetry and patterning. Confronted by the sharp law of Athens, and not wishing to obey it, Lysander thinks of escape. But he has no idea that the wood, which he sees merely as a†¦show more content†¦The duke and his consort have had their quarrel before the action of the play begins, but Shakespeares choice of mythical ruler means the audience well knows the sword and injuries referred to in 1.2; we see the resolution of the fairies quarrel and that of the lovers during the play, and all is happy at its end. But whereas the rulers resolve their own problems, as befits their maturity and status, the young lovers are not able to do so, and this task is shared by Oberon and Theseus. Oberon orders Puck to keep Lysander and Demetrius from harming each other, and Theseus confirms their wishes as he overbears Egeus will. He is not now breaking his own law, because Demetrius cannot be compelled to marry against his will. A ridiculous parallel case of young lovers so subject to passion that, after disobeying their parents law, they take their own lives, is provided by Pyramus and Thisbe. Lysander and Demetrius laugh at the mechanicals exaggerated portrayal of these unfortunates, but the audience has seen the same excessive passion in earnest from these two. If Lysander breaks - or evades - the Athenian law knowingly, then the mechanicals break the law of the wood unwittingly. Pucks conversation with the first fairy in 2.1, makes clear that the wood is where Oberon and Titania keep their court, though they travel further afield. (Oberon, accordingShow MoreRelated Metadrama In Shakespeare Essay2636 Words   |  11 Pages ‘Shakespeare’s plays reflect not life but art.’ Make use of this remark in writing an essay on Shakespeare’s use of Metadrama. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare constantly plays with metadrama and the perception of his plays as theatre and not life with the complications inherent that in life we all play roles and perceive life in different ways. The play has recognition of its existence as theatre, which has relevance to a contemporary world that is increasingly aware of precisely howRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesManagement, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New

Responsibility of the Origin Australia and Westpac Corporation

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Social Responsibility of the Origin Australia and Westpac. Answer: Origin Australia and Westpac Origin Australia and Westpac are among the big Australian companies operating in the energy industry and banking sector respectively. Westpac was established in the year 1917 in Sydney as the Bank of New South Wales (BNSW) being the first bank in Australia. It later changed the name to Westpac Banking Corporation in 1982. Its headquarters are located at Westpac Place, Sydney. It is ranked among the top four banks in Australia. The company has over 13.1 million customers with over 1429 branches ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). It is the second largest bank in Australian terms of assets. This, therefore, shows that this company has an influence on the Australian economy (Keating et al., 2008, pp. 17579). On the hand, Origin Energy is the leading Australian power provider both to homes and businesses. The company has its headquarters located in Sydney, Australia but running the business up to Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific. It specializes in exploring the energy, its production, power generation and electricity retailing; selling of energy to many households in Australia. The company has been in operation in the energy industry since its formation in the year 2000. At the moment, the company supplies electricity to over 4.2million customers in Australia and also produces and sales natural gas and LPG in the country. Origin is, therefore, an established company in Australian energy sector ("Electricity Providers Gas Suppliers - Origin Energy," n.d.). Comparison of Origin Australia and Westpac Westpac has an established system of reporting the social and ethical performance. Its primary reporting tools are the website and the Stakeholder Impact Report. This report covers the social and moral metrics of the company; covering the issues of employees, the community, customers and the shareholders. Also, at Westpac, the data integrity of the Stakeholder Impact Report is beyond testing to ensure independence in their corporate responsibility ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). Besides, Westpac has set a sustainability committee which has been mandated to oversee and guide the business in the social, ethical and sustainable well-being of the organization. Through the committee, the company can handle and manage the ever-changing community expectations. The board manages all aspects of the ethical and social well-being of the company; including reviewing, overseeing, setting corporate standards and monitoring among others (Eisingerich Ghardwaj, 2011, pp. 1818). Westpac has also embedded its ethical and social sustainability in its strategy, and its values have gone ahead to be extended to the products, brand, and services. The organizations approach is based on the wider and integrated view of the CSR. Through this, the group has managed to convince most of its customers that Westpac is a strong brand in the market offering the best services in the industry ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). This has, therefore, the sustainability of Westpac and has even made the company to win many awards in Australia concerning its CSR practices. Origin releases sustainability reports annually since it is in the enterprise values to deliver this responsibility. The company uses Strategic Net Promoter Score as a customer satisfaction measure to establish its level of interaction with the stakeholders (Keating, et al., 2008, pp 17579). This, therefore, helps the company to get figures and understand the level of the social, ethical and sustainability performance level of the enterprise. The company has enhanced digital service to improve on the stakeholder's interactions with the enterprise. Also, the company has provided extended call center hours to improve customer satisfaction. Besides, Origin considers environmental conservation as a corporate social responsibility and has put a lot of efforts to ensure that it achieves this. It is currently the Australian provider leader in renewable and low carbon energy provider (Albareda, et al., 2007, pp. 391-407). Explanation for Difference in Social Responsibility Explanation of the differences in the range and number of ethical, social and sustainability issues handled at Origin Australia and Westpac can be attributed to their industry differences. The two organizations operate in different industries with Westpac working in finance and banking sector while Origin Australia is operating in Energy Industry. In as such much as some ethical, social issues may be common to the two industries, most of them are different because the two companies have different processes of carrying out their business with different organizational structures (Griffin Vivari, 2009, pp. 235-250). This differences in industries prompt the companies to formulate policies appropriate policies that suit them. This, therefore, brings differences in the sustainability reports of the two companies (Simnett, et al., pp. 937-967). Besides, the difference in the sustainability reports and range of issues handled between Origin Australia and Westpac can be explained to be associated with the difference in organizational culture that exists between the two organizations (Klarsfeld Delpuech, 2008). Different companies have different corporate cultures. This has effects on the way ethical and social issues are handled in a given company. Organizational culture influences the way employees of a given company to handle their problems. This, therefore, brings out the difference between the two businesses (Dey, 2007, pp.423-445). Quality of Reporting; Social Accounting at Origin Australia and Westpac Zadek et al. (1997) outlined eight essential quality standards that can be used to examine whether the organizations are attaining the expected level of the social accounting procedures. The rules are applied to the company to determine whether the agency reports and audits that the accepted level (Potter Soderstrom, 2012). The key aspects mentioned in theory are stakeholder's inclusivity, comparatively with other organizations over a period, completeness of the report, continuous evolution, disclosure, external verification, management policy and systems, and ongoing improvement. These eight aspects help us to care what the organization is currently doing in line with ethical and social sustainability and therefore establish their level (Guzzabocca, 2014). Origin Australia and Westpac Corporation are both working towards achieving an acceptable level of social accounting. This is evidenced by self-reports that they release occasionally. An examination of these companies as discussed above ethical, social and sustainability reports, shows that both companies have put efforts and they comply with most of the Zadoks standards in most aspects. The two companies have established CSR strategies and activities which they are implementing and showing efforts to achieve the Zadoks standards (Chin, 2013). Company values of Origin Australia and Westpac The values of Westpac Corporation are the integrity, one team, and achievement. These values have played a role guiding and moving the company towards its sustainability performance and thus become a leader in the industry in the entire of Australia. These values of Westpac Corporation play a critical role in helping it to achieve most of its targets in business. Ethical and social sustainability reports show a lot of efforts invested by the team which is eager to succeed and realizes their objectives (Buhr, 2007, pp. 57-69). The values of Westpac have also helped the company to work with flexible working hours to improve on customer service thus improving their satisfaction. Also, the values have contributed to increasing employee engagement and commitment, and thus enhanced their commitment towards improving the ethical and social sustainability of this company. It is, therefore, evident that the values of Westpac have played a significant role in promoting the corporate social responsibility of this business enterprise ("Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking," n.d.). On the other hand, Origin Energy has its values as caring, listening, learning and delivering. An analysis of the values of Origin Australia brings it out clear the companys commitment to providing the ethical and social sustainability expectations. The company considers caring and listening about the impacts of their services or actions on their customers, the community, their colleagues, environment and the shareholders. Embedding this important consideration of the CSR in the company values has a great positive impact on the ethical and social performance level of this organization. The values of the company influence the general organizational culture which in turn affects directly the way employees carry out their tasks and how they handle issues thus an impact on the ethical and social performance of the company ("Electricity Providers Gas Suppliers - Origin Energy," n.d.). Group Discussions We held many meeting regarding this subject of CSR. We discussed the activities of CSR in the broad sense and the impact those CSR activities had on the overall sustainability and profitability of the company. We were suspicious about some activities in our environment and the entire country that seemed to be the CSR activities of some businesses in our nation. Out of this suspicion, we developed the interest of identifying the companies to research on their ethical and social sustainability. We, therefore, agreed to go and research on the various businesses that seemed appropriate for us to embark on their investigation into the CSR operations (Armstrong, 2012). In our meeting that followed, we presented our different findings on the two companies for our study and later on agreed to go for two organizations from Australia but various industries. We landed on Westpac Corporation and the Origin Australia. The group initially believed that the two companies only made partial efforts towards the ethical and social sustainability issues, but we realized after the investigation that the two companies significantly consider social sustainability and they have therefore put in a lot of efforts to achieve a greater of CSR performance (Crane Matten, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, ethical and social sustainability of companies is a critical aspect of business operation. Organizations should work to improve their interactions, care and listen to the actions of customers, their community, their colleagues, environment, and the shareholders. Such actions have an impact on the brand image in the market and therefore, in turn, have a bearing on the sustainability and profitability of the organization. Different businesses have varying levels of ethical and social sustainability measure in comparison to Zadeks standards. The difference in these standards is mainly attributed to the cultural differences and also to the industry differences. Most organizations have put a lot of efforts in improving their CSR because they understand the impact they have to the organization. Origin Australia and Westpac are good examples of those organizations that are striving to achieve an acceptable level of social accounting. They are mainly trying to embed CSR in their company values as a strategy to make the best. This has helped them to improve their sustainability and the overall profitability. References Albareda, Laura; Lozano, Josep M.; Ysa, Tamyko (2007). "Public Policies on Corporate Social Responsibility: The Role of Governments in Europe." Journal of Business Ethics.74(4): pp. 391407 Armstrong J, Scott G, Kesten C. (1 December 2012)."Effects of corporate social responsibility and irresponsibility policies" Journal of Business Research. Buhr, N (2007). InSustainability Accounting and Accountability pp. 57-69 Chin M.K., Trevio, Linda, Hambrick, Donald (2013). "Political Ideologies of CEOs: The Influence of Executives' Values on Corporate Social Responsibility. SAGE Journals. Johnson Cornell University Crane, A Matten, D, (2010). Business Ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization (3rd Ed.) Oxford: Oxford University Press Eisingerich A, Bhardwaj G. (2011)."Corporate Social Responsibility: Does Social Responsibility Help Protect a Company's Reputation?".MIT Sloan Management Review. 52 (March): pp. 1818. Electricity Providers Gas Suppliers - Origin Energy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.originenergy.com.au/ Griffin J, Vivari B. (2009). Chapter 11: United States of America: Internal Commitments and External Pressures. In Global Practices of Corporate Social Responsibility pp. 235-250. Guzzabocca L, (January 16, 2014).When a sustainable supply chain begins in Italy, GreenBiz. Retrieved from https://www.greenbiz.com/blog/2014/01/16/when-sustainable-supply-chain-begins-italy Keating B, Qazi A, Kriz A, Coltman, T (2008). "In pursuit of a sustainable supply chain: insights from Westpac Banking Corporation," Supply Chain Management: an International Journal,13(3): pp. 17579 Keating, B, Qazi, A, Kriz, A, Coltman, T (2008). "In pursuit of a sustainable supply chain: insights from Westpac Banking Corporation," Supply Chain Management: an International Journal, 13 (3): pp. 17579 Klarsfeld, A. Delpuech, C. (2008). Hard law, soft law, weak law: the implications of the neo-institutional and social regulation theories on CSR and the distinction between hard and soft law, Working Paper, Toulouse Business School Potter, B Soderstrom, N (2012). 'Can integrated reports replace financial statements?' The University of Melbourne working paper. See C. Dey, (2007). 'Social Accounting at Tradecraft plc: A struggle for the meaning of fair trade,' Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal 20(3)pp.423 - 445. Simnett, R, Vanstraelen, A Chua, WF (2009). 'Assurance on sustainability reports: An international comparison,' The Accounting Review, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 937-967 Zadek, S., Pruzan, P. and Evans, R (1997). Building Corporate Accountability: Emerging Practice in Social and Ethical Accounting and Auditing. London: Earthscan. Westpac - Personal, Business, and Corporate Banking. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.westpac.com.au/

Cultures and Institutions

The most luxurious places for students to live

The most luxurious places for students to live Luxurious houses for students Many American universities do their best to attract the future students and make their student life unforgettable. The days of living in the cramped quarters are long gone, so now college housing has something different to offer. Students of the following universities can compare their living with a luxury vacation. They have everything for living in style while getting their degree. Let`s find out what makes the living experiences of students so unique. Osprey Fountains at The University of North Florida – Jacksonville, Florida Osprey Fountains at The University of North Florida is a new housing complex for students opened in 2009. Here you will find a convenience store, fitness center, library for studying, and video game room. But the best amenities are outside. You can take a rest in the outdoor pool or just spend some time in the volleyball, basketball or tennis courts. Osprey Fountains is the perfect place for students to come and relax after difficult classes. Price Range: $1,130 – $5,000 per semester The Metropolitan at the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising – Los Angeles, California The Metropolitan is the closest housing complex to the Fashion Institute of Design and Merchandising which offers students the amenities of a 5 star hotel. This luxurious â€Å"dorm† is situated in the very heart of Los Angeles and is surrounded by nightlife and shopping. A heated pool, courtyard, community lounge, private theatre, sundeck and covered spa, design and drawing rooms – everything at your disposal. Each apartment has a kitchen with GE appliances, living space, a vanity, a private balcony, and large windows. Price Range: About $1,000 per month Sontag and Pomona Halls at Pomona College – Claremont, California Sontag and Pomona Halls are super eco-friendly housing complexes for students on Pomona College campus.   They are equipped with air conditioning, electrical cut-off switches, daylight sensors and low water use fixtures. You can also find the roof top garden patio which consists of solar panels that helps heat the water. Price Range: $4,275 per Semester The Lawn at the University of Virginia – Charlottesville,   VA It is an honor for a student to live on the Lawn at the University of Virginia. This place has a rich history and the long-standing traditions. You have to get used to that fact that the door of your room should be open. Only exemplary students who strive to become scholars and leaders can have the opportunity to live in such luxurious apartments. Price Range: $6,020 – $6,170 per year North Quadrangle Residential and Academic Complex at the University of Michigan – Ann Arbor, If you are a freshman – don`t even expect to get a room here as this housing complex is extremely coveted. North Quadrangle Residential and Academic Complex offers you the private and spacious rooms for luxurious student living. Learning communities, work areas, media facilities, bike routes, a TV studio, equipped conference rooms, and lounges on every floor are among the additional facilities. Price Range:  $5,978 – $8,204 per semester Mark Shenkman Hall (formerly Ivory Tower) at George Washington University – Washington, D.C. Mark Shenkman Hall gives you the opportunity to enjoy the opulence of living in Washington while studying. This building is conveniently located and has everything that students may need. Its apartments have full service kitchens, private baths, air conditioning, wireless internet, high speed internet, and elevators. Price Range: $13,760 – $14,670 per year Founders Hall at New York University – New York City, New York This building is the newest residence hall of New York University. It has 26 stories that gives students the opportunity to have the room with the amazing view on the city. Here you will find the spacious rooms with adjoining bathrooms, private libraries, open area communal rooms, and the courtyard. Due to the perfect location near the Union Square Subway, students can easily get to their classes and the rest of the city. Price Range: $6,792 per semester University Village Suites at Kennesaw State University – Kennesaw, Georgia Only freshmen can live in the University Village Suites. Each apartment has a shared bathroom, a mini kitchen, and a built in bar with stools. You will never find yourself starving as the in house Peace Cafà © and Hoot Restaurant always have something delicious to offer. An art gallery, a computer lab, community kitchens, study rooms, lounge areas, and laundry rooms are among the community amenities. Price Range: $585 – $660 per month The Units at the University of California, Berkeley – Berkeley, California The Units at UC Berkeley are the housing complex for undergraduate students. The apartments are equipped in the typical dorm style – beds, desks, and dressers. It is the view that makes this place really luxurious. Students can make use of a central fitness facility, a laundry facility, and a diner. Price Range: $6,363 – $8,512 Hub at Tuscon at The University of Arizona, Tuscon – Arizona The Hub at Tuscon is a luxurious place for students of The University of Arizona. Its building amenities are really spectacular – fully equipped rooms and kitchens, fitness, spa, gaming, executive meeting rooms, grilling gazebo, sand volleyball court, and hammocks. The rooftop pool is its main attraction. Price Range: $1,490 – $5,405 – per unit, per month

Peaceful settlements of Disputes between states & International Court Essay

Peaceful settlements of Disputes between states & International Court of Justice - Essay Example Q2. The ICJ is the International Court of Justice, and it is the judicial branch of the UN. Its primary function is to decide legal disputes of states based on the law as it stands at the time of the decision. All members of the UN are automatically contracting parties to the Statute of the ICJ (Hernandez 43). -Contentious Jurisdiction says that the court decides disputes between States and only states can be parties to the proceedings. This means that the ICJ can only hold proceedings if they have the consent of all parties (states) involved in the dispute. All disputes must be brought on a voluntary basis. Contentious jurisdiction also says that all judgments are final and cannot be appealed. They are binding on all parties involved. Advisory Jurisdiction is in charge of providing legal advice to organs of the UN and international organizations. Advisory opinions can only be given when a legal question is asked and cannot settle any particular dispute. The court can also decline its jurisdiction based on judicial propriety (Aust

TOPIC Option I----- Story Truth and Happening Truth ( Tim Essay

TOPIC Option I----- Story Truth and Happening Truth ( Tim O'Brien----The Things They Carried ) - Essay Example Happening truth would therefore, mean nothing if the story truth is not applied to make the story more believable, readable and even enjoyable. O’Brien explains that there was a big difference between the real truth and the story truth. He talks of seeing a man dying on the trail which was near My Khe, but clarifies that he did not kill the man. Later he says that he made up the whole story. O’Brien says that his main aim was to make the reader feel what he personally felt, thus bringing the argument that; sometimes the story truth tends to be more truer compared to the â€Å"happening truth† which indicates the real happenings in the novel. Part C What makes an individual to believe that these happening truth are accurate is due to the repetition done in the chapter that indicates the accuracy of the incidence. They are the emphasis of the shocking reactions by O’Brien. For instance, the manner in which he describes the eyes of the dead soldier just indic ates the accuracy of the happening truth in the story. He says that, the victim’s one eye was shut and the other had a star shaped hole, where the continuous repetition of the incidence indicates the hard moments that O’Brien was going through in his attempts to visualize the man he had just killed. Another element of happening truth being accurate in this story is where Kiowa is trying to make emphasis to O’Brien that the man he had killed was still meant to die, but he does not give any response (O’Brien). Kiowa in the chapter goes on to make continuous comments on the incidence and that O’Brien should not feel bad that he had killed but he does not give back any comment. This whole incidence displays an accurate true happening and thus, brings the feeling of sympathy to a... O’Brien also displays the story truths, through his major focus being directed on the physical characteristics of the man he had killed other than in the real happening focusing on his feelings rather. This is among the phrases that indicate the elements of a â€Å"story true† where he betrays his efforts to maintain some distance to help in killing the pain. He also narrates his story using a protagonist’s perspective other than using narrator aspect. There is nothing like a narrative commentary on the actions of a protagonist and thus we can only deduce what O’Brien is going through (O’Brien). The ideas and feelings brought about by the story in the novel makes an individual to have the negative perception of a war experience, even though one may be fighting to protect his or her country. Many people depict the idea of joining army as a an opportunity to heroically fight for ones country, but after reading this story, and internalizing what O’Brien felt after killing the Viet soldier, a notion of fear to kill just strikes in an individuals head. This story results to a turn around regarding what people perceive wars to be. By reading this story, a student should learn to be accountable of his or her conduct. If one behaves recklessly now, he should note that, the outcomes will haunt him even after he clears school, like the killing of a soldier haunted O’Brien’s twenty years later. In life also, one should understand that, there are some people who would celebrate on your misfortunes, this is witnessed when Azar is happy that the soldier is dead, but another lesson learnt is that, silence is the best weapon as O’Brien made no comment.

Matza’s (1964) Delinquency and Drift

Matza’s (1964) Delinquency and Drift David Matza’s work is often is said to have offered a necessary counteraction to the postulates of the subcultural theory (Young: 1974). In 1957 David Matza and Gersham Sykes presented a radically new theory of deviant behaviour in their seminal work entitled, Techniques of Neutralisation: A Theory of Delinquency and again collaborated in 1961. The dialogue was significantly extended by Matza in his subsequent works, Delinquency and Drift (1964) and Becoming Deviant (1969). This paper will provide a description and evaluation of Matza’s theories. It will then proffer a brief discussion on why Matza’s writings on crime presents a shift from traditional subcultural theories. Matza’s work shows a rethink about deviants and how they process and rationalize their crime. He questions the notion that deviants are inherently opposed to societal norms and codes of conduct, and that their actions signify a rejection of the rule of law. He maintains that delinquent values do not necessarily follow a consistent continuum, and therefore to say that delinquency and deviants reject the rule of law is erroneous. He uses the examples of teenage delinquents to demonstrate that while many teenagers commit delinquent acts, many do not offend within a delinquent space or a delinquent subculture. He argues that many times they can immediately return to continuous actions which demonstrate affinity with â€Å"normalcy†. In these instances, Matza argues that instead of being in opposition to the rule of law, some acts of delinquency represent a loosening or distance from more positively favoured and consensus value systems to an adoption of what he terms â€Å" subterranean† values. Matza and Sykes (1961) differentiated between subterranean values and formal or mainstream values to highlight this point. Matza identifies formal values as those which demonstrate deferred gratification, can be predictable, respect bureaucratic processes, not aggressive, and conforms to the normal routine. They also have an introspective characteristic which refrains from euphoria, plans meticulously, shows reservation and restraint, and is non-impulsive. Conversely, subterranean values are identified as: relishing short term hedonism and excitement, always seeking change and alternatives, impulsive, very sociable and carefree, and is not afraid to display to aggression. Within this framework, Matza defends his argument by stating that deviants who accept subterranean values usually accentuate these characteristics for short term personal gains, or during leisure periods. Taylor et al (1973) suggests that Matza’s work (1964) represents an attempt to avoid distorting the motivations of the delinquent and to present a naturalistic analysis of deviant behaviour. Matza contends that theories which strive to label some deviants and establish sub-cultures of deviance, overstate the levels of delinquency and are a result of positivistic influences which attempt to find psycho-social reasons for non-conformity. He articulates that it is flawed to assume delinquent subcultures are zealously embraced by deviants, furthermore, he points out that this intermittent interaction with subterranean values is normal because these values are replicated many times throughout society, albeit most times in controlled environments. He argues that traditional positivistic models of deviance, depict an â€Å"antagonistic disjunction between deviant or subterranean values of larger society† (Taylor et al: 1973) which is simply not true. Instead he argues that dev iants use techniques of neutralization as excuses for committing delinquent acts. Matza identified five techniques of neutralization employed by deviants to rationalize their non-conformity: (1) Denial of responsibility , wherein, the offender deflects blame with language such as â€Å"it was not my fault† or â€Å"it wasn’t really me who did it†. The deviant attributes their actions to the flaws of the wider substructure or environment. (2) Denial of injury, where the delinquent defends their actions on the grounds that it did not cause harm to anyone and substitutes moralistic condemnation on their actions with more favorable terminologies. For example, vandalism would be seen as â€Å"just mischief†. (3) Denial of a victim, where they place the victim as the offender in language such as â€Å"they had it coming† or â€Å"it didn’t affect them†. (4) Appeal to higher loyalties, where the delinquent places himself as torn between two groups with a need to commit the act in the interest of one group. A typical exampl e can be found with foreign national women who do transnational drug couriering, who mostly say they do it because of the economic needs of their children. (5) Condemnation of the condemners, where the offender deflects focus from their actions to chastise the motives of those who condemn the offending act. Those who condemn are usually classified by the deviant as hypocrites. Matza’s (1964) Drift Theory attempts to situate the deviant in a less deterministic space than positivistic influenced theories allow. He suggested that persistent delinquent behaviour can be explained by a convergence of subterranean values and formal ones, in the absence of stabilizing forces which reinforce the more moralistic formal values. The slow movement from formal and introspective values to more permanent subterranean characteristics is called a â€Å"drift†. In their period of drift, Matza contends that delinquents utilise the neutralizing techniques previously discussed, to weaken society’s grasp on their value system. He is however, not without his critics, who point out that Matza underplay offending behaviour and neglects to use his theory as a lens for more violent forms of delinquency (Newburn: 2007). Matza’s reasoning presents a shift from traditional subcultural theory which is more deterministic in its labelling and examination of deviants. Subculture theory contends that there are dominant cultures and deviant subcultures and they situate the deviant within the latter, because of their non-conformity. Subcultural theory romanticize the dominant culture as always existing within a positive moral space. It sees delinquency as a complete opposition to mainstream values and culture. Matza, on the other hand, advocates that delinquents do place value on mainstream cultures, but may refrain from displaying or voicing such views because they fear rejection from peers. He contends that subterranean values exist alongside those of the so-called dominant culture. This argument was partly sanctioned by Wolfgang and Ferracuti (1967) who proffered the example of the male who is compelled to violence to defend the honour of his mother, wife or children. While, this male is predispose d to accepting the dominant culture, his naturalistic tendency to defend in such situations, point to the co-existence of subterranean, even within mainstream cultures. References Matza, D. (1969) Becoming Deviant. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Matza, D. (1964) Delinquency and Drift. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Matza, D., Sykes, G. (1961) Juvenile Delinquency and Subterranean Values. American Sociological Review Vol. 26, 713-719. Newburn, T. (2007) Criminology. Cullompton: Willan. Sykes, G., Matza, D. (1957) Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency. American Sociological Review, Vol. 22, 664-670. Taylor, I., Walton, P. Young, J. (1973) The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance. London: Routledge. Wolfgang, M., Ferracuti, F. (1967) The Subculture of Violence. London: Travistock Publishers. Young, J. (1974) New Directions in Subcultural Theory. In, John Rex (ed) Approaches to Sociology: An Introduction to Major Trends in British Sociology. London: RKP. 1

Raising the Minimum Wage for the Lower Class Is Actually Good for the E

Do a search online about raising the minimum wage and you will see any number of articles, and essays detailing why it shouldn’t be done. As detailed or as long winded as these articles are, they all have one central argument, and that is; if we raise the wages of the lower class, than the providers of goods and services will have to raise their prices, which in turn makes everything go up. To this I say bah humbug. It is asinine to think that a company such as Wal-mart whose CEO makes an annual salary of $20.7 million would have to raise prices along with employee salaries in order to make any substantial profit margin. This is simply not true, especially when you consider that the average Wal-mart employee only makes close to $9.00 an hour, and it’s not just Wal-mart, but other consumer based companies, such as Target, and TJ MAXX. The CEOs of these companies make ridiculously high salaries while not even paying their workforce enough to live on. The question is why. The reason is simple. It’s greed. The more a CEO makes the more they want to make. The economy is no longer about providing a good or service for the population at large, but about amassing as much wealth as possible, and you’re stupid if you think you have the same opportunities to obtain wealth as those Wal-mart and Target CEOs. The truth is the deck is stacked against you, and it keeps getting worse as the world moves along its orbit. The economy has become based largely on the trading and selling of commodities, and the worker has become a cheap disposable commodity, to be used up by megalomaniacs who sit atop cash mountains, casting down crumbs as they see fit. The collective bargaining rights of the worker are disappearing at alarming rates. Data from the... ...some sort of nanny state to make everyone dependent upon the Socialist government. The hard truth is the majority of people on these programs work full-time jobs, and aren’t the only ones in their households doing so. To reiterate the point being made a higher wage means less people on welfare, and it frees up tax money that could be used for other things, or it could go back into the pockets of the American worker. Many would read this and call me a Socialist, and if offering an argument in favor of the rights of workers makes me a Socialist then so be it. The blogs and articles and essays, some written by economists with advanced degrees, people academically more capable than I am, will continue to deride the raising of wages for the low class worker, or the need for regulation to be put in place. I’m just stating that they’re wrong, and that this essay proves it.

How do poets use ‘voice’ to instil their poems with personality? Consider with reference to three poets

For poetry to be truly personal, a voice is needed. It is through the voice of a poet that the reader can glean some sense of that poet's identity and nature. Who are they? What are they trying to say? Why? One could even go so far as to say that the voice of a poem or poet is fundamental to its aesthetic value and ‘readability' – without a distinct and clear voice, how can we distinguish a poem from the surrounding, ambient babble? It is the voice which endears a poet to the reader – without a voice, how can we identify with a poet? All these questions must be considered carefully. The voice of a poet can be a vehicle for political, personal, and social expression, as well as instilling a poem with a sense of personality – one might say the function of a poet's ‘voice' is to stamp their poem with their identity. It is the idea of an author's voice, rather than the voice itself which draws us towards the author as an entity – someone with whom we can identify, converse and understand. The actual process of reading may be, on one level, entirely one-sided, but in reading a poem (or any piece of literature for that matter) we bring as much to the work as we take from it. In this way, reading a poem is not one-sided at all, and is instead a rich progression towards a higher understanding from the reader. In the end, it comes down to the age-old question: do words on a page in a closed book actually mean anything until they are read, and even when they are, is it possible to be both ‘voiceless' and meaningful? It has been argued in Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory (Bennett & Royle, 1999) that every literary text has a voice, be it that of an omnipotent and omniscient ‘god-like' authorial voice, or a character of the author's creation. According to this theory, even the Biology textbook – that most mundane and impersonal of publications – is infused with the voice(s) of its author(s). As Roland Barthes points out in his landmark essay â€Å"The Death of the Author† (Image, Music, Text, 1977), this is the sole reason why authors put their name on a piece of work. An author will lend their name to their novel/poem in order to distinguish it from other novels/poems. Ultimately, however, Barthes argues that this is meaningless: an author is nothing more than a product of his or her society and background, and therefore, the author cannot claim some sort of absolute authority over his or her text because, in some ways, he or she did not write it. In oth er words, it is writing that makes the author and not vice versa. There are, however, flaws in Barthes' argument, which will be analysed further on. It is important at this stage, however, to make a clear distinction between the ‘author' and the ‘voice' in order to avoid any confusion that may arise. In many ways, the ‘author' and the ‘voice' of a poem or any work of fiction are intrinsically linked: the author is the voice and the voice is the author, in much the same way that Sylvia Plath is the voice in her poems or her work of fiction, The Bell Jar. There is no getting around the fact that we ‘hear' Jean-Paul Sartre's voice in The Age of Reason and Nausea, or Fontane's voice in Effi Briest. The same can be said of the poets I have chosen: Linton Kwesi Johnson's voice is clear and distinct, as are those of Tom Leonard and Sylvia Plath. In this way, one might say, the author or poet and their voice are one and the same – indistinguishable from each other. In other ways, though, it is easy to trip up and become muddled in the literary thorn bush that blocks our path whenever we try to make a generalisation. A novel like Anthony Burgess' A Clockwork Orange (1962) displays no apparent sign of the author's ‘voice' – indeed it is written in a language entirely of his own creation (NadSat – the disjointed, disorderly jargon of a future jilted generation) and through the voice of the novel's protagonist, ‘Alex'. Obvious questions arise. Whose ‘voice' is Burgess speaking with? His own or Alex's? Can they be both? Of course, Alex is a creation of Burgess' mind and therefore the voice is ultimately that of Burgess himself – he thought of the character, put pen to paper, and put words in Alex's mouth. But how far does this go? To what extent is Alex his own entity, free to evolve and grow within the limits and boundaries imposed by his author? How far and to what extent is Alex simply a mouthpiece for Burge ss' ‘voice': moralising and ominous. In the end, we are never really sure whether Alex has been ‘cured' or not, or (which is more interesting) whether the author even knows. The same theme is explored in Flann O'Brien's novel, At Swim-Two-Birds (1939), in which issues of ‘author', ‘voice', and even the idea of a character, are thrown into question. But how does this relate to poetry and the issue of ‘voice'? To start with, the same problems of discerning the ‘voice' from the ‘author' are present, but much more subtle, in the poets I have chosen. I have deliberately picked poets who ‘speak' in their own ‘voice' as it were, in an attempt to highlight the different motives with which ‘voice' is used. For example, in Sylvia Plath's poems, ‘voice' is used to express deep and intimate emotional feelings, and in some cases, psychological trauma as in her moving poem â€Å"Daddy†. In this poem, Plath's voice is clearly enunciated, and the effect of this is to give the reader a powerful insight into the workings of the poet's mind. The poem deals with Plath's relationship with her dead father, and how she must reconcile his past and her roots in a post-war world. As the poem progresses, however, the reader comes to realise that ‘Daddy' is not the bà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½te noir we suppose him to be – and instead we understand that he is an integral part of Plath as a person. A part she has come to hate and associate with her father. A part she can never escape: â€Å"Daddy, daddy, you bastard, I'm through.† (80) Plath's voice comes through in a number of cunning ways here. It seems as though she is addressing her father, and therefore speaks in the first person singular for example: â€Å"I used to pray to recover you.† (14) As a result, the poem seems all the more intense and personal – perhaps because we are listening in on a one-sided conversation which we feel we should not be listening to. The effect is akin to reading someone's personal letter, when feelings of guilt compete with an innate curiosity about other people's intimate details. In this way, her anguish is eloquently expressed in the first stanza: You do not do, you do not do Any more, black shoe In which I have lived like a foot For thirty years, poor and white, Barely daring to breathe or Achoo. 5 (1-5) But we could also make a case that the â€Å"Daddy† in the poem is not only her father (and perhaps a part of herself), but her husband, Ted Hughes, as well. For example, towards the end of the poem, various subtle references to marriage are made: â€Å"And I said I do, I do.† (67) The idea of two men (the two men in Plath's life) is brought up again when we are told that â€Å"If I've killed one man, I've killed two†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (71), and a direct reference to the poet's marriage is made at line 72: â€Å"The vampire who said he was you/And drank my blood for a year,/Seven years if you want to know† (72-74). It is almost as though Plath is being suffocated by the omniscient and omnipotent men who surround her – both alive and dead. We can only understand this because Plath has instilled her poem with her own ‘voice' – had the poem been written in an impersonal, detached way, completely devoid of any discernible ‘voice', the intensely personal sense we get of Plath being smothered would be lost. But the strong and clear voice that comes through also raises issues about Plath's identity: who she feels she is and is not. She says at one point that she thinks she â€Å"may well be a Jew† (35), when in fact she is not. This is echoed by her despondent, resonant cry in a foreign language: â€Å"Ich, ich, ich, ich.† (27) It is clear that the poem has a strong personality, and this personality is only made possible with the presence of Plath's voice. A link can be made here to another of Plath's poems, â€Å"The Bee Meeting†, which also raises the question of identity. Unlike â€Å"Daddy†, this poem is not addressed or aimed at anyone in particular, but this does not mean that it is any less personal, and it still retains Plath's ‘voice' as she is again speaking in the first person. The poem reinforces the poet's sense of abject loneliness in a world populated by well-to-do figures of society who (it seems) neither really care for, nor understand her. In â€Å"The Bee Meeting†, Plath joins various members of the parish to collect honey from the â€Å"white hive†(34). When the other figures don their veils and heavy outer garments for protection, however, their identities are lost, and this frightens Plath, who does not want to be lost in turn: Is it some operation that is taking place? 30 It is the surgeon my neighbours are waiting for, This apparition in a green helmet, Shining gloves and white suit. Is it the butcher, the grocer, the postman, someone I know? 35 (30-35) Plath's voice comes across most strongly, however, when she tells us of her fear and her nakedness while all others are clothed. We are told that she is â€Å"nude as a chicken neck, does nobody love me?† (6) and â€Å"Now I am milkweed silk, the bees will not notice./They will not smell my fear, my fear, my fear.† (9-10) Clearly, a tortured, lonely, forlorn voice is at work here, appealing vainly for understanding in the hopelessly detached way that abject melancholia brings. Her tired, sad, frail voice is heard at the end: â€Å"Whose is that long white box in the grove, what have they accomplished, why am I cold.† (55) The lack of a question mark at the end implies that an answer is not expected, perhaps because Plath knows that she will never receive one. The subtlety in the image of the coffin-like â€Å"long white box† hints at hidden depths to Plath's feelings – depths which are both limitless and moving. We could go so far as to say that Plath associates and identifies herself with the hive and its angry bees: confused, chaotic, and directionless. By putting the bees to sleep, the hive, â€Å"as snug as a virgin† (34), is violated. In the same way perhaps, Plath sees herself as violated or raped by the world around her. Once again, it is only through her powerful voice that we understand these emotions. Problems of identity are strongly linked in both poems (the â€Å"Ich, ich, ich,† of â€Å"Daddy† and images of lost identity in â€Å"The Bee Hive Meeting†), and this question surfaces again in the poems of Linton Kwesi Johnson. In a poem like â€Å"Mekkin Histri†, Johnson's voice is immediately clear and challenging: â€Å"now tell mi something/mistah govahment man/tell mi something.† (1-3) Johnson's voice searches, accuses, demands: how lang yu really feel yu coulda keep wi andah heel 5 wen di trute done reveal bout how yu grab an steal bout how yu mek yu crooked deal mek yu crooked deal? ` (4-9) It is clear that the voice coming through here is a purely political one, and the colloquial language that Johnson employs reinforces his poems' sense of ‘otherness' and originality. The language is both alien and familiar, both intimidating and soothing. But it is also a collective voice – a voice of the people, but not all the people. It is a voice demanding complete and radical change, an alien voice that has become disillusioned with the society that surrounds it. The title of the poem, â€Å"Mekkin Histri† implies a time of great change, and this is exactly what Johnson was doing at a time when the British establishment was threatening to revert back to an entirely conservative, jingoistic and exclusive mindset. It is not surprising that Linton Kwesi Johnson has earned himself the nickname of ‘The Prophet', who, with his eclectic mix of dub beats and chanting poetry, captured the political heart and soul of Britain's black youth in the 1980s, and, many say, continues to do so today. It is perhaps due to the African tradition for collective storytelling and music that Johnson's voice is so much more powerful and raw compared to other poets/songwriters talking about the same thing, for example Gil Scott-Heron. Perhaps it also has something to do with the way the poems are written and their apparent inaccessibility to the ‘Western' reader. What it succeeds in doing is creating, once read aloud, a true sense of Johnson's voice – its rhythm and patterns, recreated in our own, individual voices. These are poems that cannot be read silently: they make no sense just as words on a page. For them to be truly understood, these words, seemingly unfamiliar at first, become familiar once we voice them ourselves. In a way, Johnson is raising the whole concept of ‘voice' in poetry to another level – ‘voice' is no longer something we get a sense of when reading words on a page; it is something we must enunciate for ourselves. When it becomes colle ctive poetry (Johnson's words through everybody else's voice), it speaks for everyone, regardless of his or her colour. We cannot help but identify with the poet and his words because, essentially, they become our own. This sense of a collective poetry, of Johnson speaking for everyone, comes across strongly in all of his poems, and â€Å"BG† (his tribute to Bernie Grant, the first black Member of Parliament) is no exception to this rule: yu woz wi cheef yu woz wi choice yu woz wi champian yu woz wi face yu woz wi voice 20 yu woz wi main man (16-21) But if Linton Kwesi Johnson is using ‘voice' in his poetry to achieve a political end, then Tom Leonard is using his voice to represent a social one. Like Johnson, Leonard writes in the strong dialect he speaks, hailing from Glasgow. Like Johnson and Plath, his poems are infused with his own voice, and, by writing in his colloquial way, forces the reader to read the words aloud, or imagine how they would sound spoken. Thus, what seems to be an incomprehensible passage can be understood when read aloud in a broad Scottish accent: ifyi stull huvny wurkt oot 35 thi diff- rince tween yir eyes n yir ears; 40 – geez peace, pal! (From â€Å"Unrelated Incidents† 33-42) Not only does Leonard's voice come through very strongly here, the form of this particular poem (â€Å"Unrelated Incidents†) adds to the overall effect Leonard is trying to achieve – namely by breaking up the flow of the writing, the reader is forced to ponder over and analyse individual words and phrases at a time. It seems also that Leonard is concerned with the subjectivity of language, and the way different words and different intonations mean different things to different people. It has been said that language is a slippery medium, and this is all too true in the cultural divide between England and Scotland. Although on paper both countries speak the same language, in reality, the different ways in which English is used by both the Scots and English themselves, suggests that this is not the case. Leonard points out the root of these differences in â€Å"Unrelated Incidents†, in an excerpt called â€Å"The 6 O'clock News†: thirza right way ti spell ana right way 90 to tok it. This is me tokn yir right way a spellin. this is ma trooth. 95 (â€Å"The 6 O'clock News† 88-95) Leonard seems to be highlighting here the discrepancy between ‘tokking' (or talking) and spelling. There may be a ‘right' way of spelling, says Leonard, but there is no ‘right' way of talking (not in these days when ‘received pronunciation' is an institution which is frowned upon and laughed at, anyway). Your right way of talking is not my right way of talking. Similarly, Leonard says, your right way of spelling is no longer my right way of spelling. â€Å"this/is ma trooth† (94-95). We see this most clearly in his poem â€Å"In the Beginning was the Word†, in which spelling and language is slowly corrupted and deconstructed, leaving in its place something new and startlingly clear: . in the beginning was the word . in thi beginning was thi wurd in thi beginnin was thi wurd in thi biginnin was thi wurd in thi biginnin wuz thi wurd 5 n thi biginnin wuz thi wurd nthi biginnin wuzthi wurd nthibiginin wuzthiwurd nthibiginninwuzthiwurd . in the beginning was the sound . 10 We can see, then, that these poets are all linked in the way they use their ‘voice': Sylvia Plath uses hers to instil her poems with a sense of her own personality and intimacy; Linton Kwesi Johnson uses his to use our voice, in effect, in order to put a political point across; and Tom Leonard uses his to illustrate the subjective nature of language, and how we use it to achieve our own ends. In this way, we can see how these poets have all used their ‘voice' in different ways – all to create the effect that it is their poetry and no-one else's. These poets are distinct in their original and compelling use of their own individual ‘voices'. Earlier in this essay, I mentioned Roland Barthes' piece, â€Å"The Death of the Author†, and it seems appropriate here, now that I have highlighted the ways in which these poets operate concerning ‘voice', to analyse his essay in this context. Barthes holds that an author or poet cannot be individual or original because he or she is merely a product of the society that surrounds them. This throws the whole concept of the ‘author function' into question: is an author really an author? Have they really written what they have written? I believe that the use of ‘voice' in poetry proves that a poet or an author can be individual and original. It is true that a poet like Tom Leonard or Linton Kwesi Johnson writes in the dialect of his society, and is therefore (to an extent) a product of that society, but this does not address the fact that these poets are entities in themselves, bringing something original to their work, and they are not simply blank sheets which society has filled in. In short, these poets do not regurgitate their society: they regurgitate themselves. Every poet brings something new and original to the world of poetry and literature, and if this were not the case, then poetry and literature would never have advanced at all. Wordsworth said that a poet is someone who is â€Å"pleased with his own passions and volitions, and who rejoices more than other men in the spirit of life that is in him; delighting to contemplate similar volitions and passions as manifested in the goings-on of the Universe, and habitually impelled to create them where he does not find them,† (â€Å"Preface to Lyrical Ballads†, 1798) and to this I would only add that today, a great poet should have a strong voice. The voice of a poet is his true identity – that which he is judged against, and that which compares him to all others. Ultimately, a poet's voice is his defining feature: an existential monument to who he is – something entirely unique, and something that should be cherished.

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